Medical Microbiologyhttp://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/2112024-03-29T09:39:11Z2024-03-29T09:39:11ZPREVALENCE, ASSOCIATED FACTORS AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF SALMONELLA AND SHIGELLA SPECIES AMONG DIARRHEIC UNDER FIVE CHILDREN IN SULTAN SHEIK HASSAN YABERE REFERRAL HOSPITAL, JIGJIGA, EASTERN ETHIOPIAKader Muse OmerFitsum WeldegebrealKedir Urgesahttp://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/73482024-01-17T07:13:21Z2023-07-01T00:00:00ZPREVALENCE, ASSOCIATED FACTORS AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF SALMONELLA AND SHIGELLA SPECIES AMONG DIARRHEIC UNDER FIVE CHILDREN IN SULTAN SHEIK HASSAN YABERE REFERRAL HOSPITAL, JIGJIGA, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
Kader Muse Omer; Fitsum Weldegebreal; Kedir Urgesa
Background: Diarrhea caused by Salmonella and Shigella species are common public health problems in under-five children in many parts of the world including Ethiopia. However diarrheal disease caused by Salmonella and Shigella species in under-five children is not well explored in eastern Ethiopia.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella species in Sheik Hassan Yabere Referral Hospital Jigjiga, Eastern Ethiopia from August 05 to November 15, 2022.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 239 under-five children with diarrhea selected through a convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect associated factors. Stool sample was collected and processed for the identification of Salmonella and Shigella species by culture onto MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (Oxoid Ltd). Biochemical tests were used to differentiate Salmonella and Shigella species. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data was entered to Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to statistical package of social science version 22 for analysis. Variables ware assessed using, bivarriate, multivariable and chi-square was conducted. And, P-value <0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Result: Overall prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species was 6.3% (95% CI, 5.7-6.9%), of which 3.8% (95 CI, 3.2-4.4%) were Salmonella species and 2.5% (95% CI, 1.95-3%). Unimproved water source (AOR=0.3, 95% CI=0.07, 0.97), open field defecation (AOR=2.3, 95% CI= 1.3, 5.03), rural (AOR= 1.8, 95% CI=1.4,7.5), Hand-washing habit (p=0.001), and raw meat consumption (p=0.002) were associated with occurrence of Salmonella and Shigella species. Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to Ampicilin (100%). However, Salmonella isolates was sensitive to Norfloxacin (100%). About 22.2% and 16.7% of Salmonella and Shigella isolates were multi-drug resistant, respectively.
Conclusion: Prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species ware lower than most studies done in Ethiopia. Hand-washing, water source, waste disposal, raw meat and residence associated with Salmonellosis and shigellosis. All isolated Salmonella were sensitive to norfloxacin. Therefore, health extension workers should focus on tap water utilization and improving, environmental sanitation. And treatment of Salmonella and Shigella should do with drug susceptibility tests
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2023-07-01T00:00:00ZMAGNITUDE, DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES AMONG ACUTE TONSILLITIS PATIENTS VISITING PUBLIC HOSPITAL, HARAR EASTERN ETHIOPIASILESHI DEBEBEDr. Desalegn Admassu (PhDDr. Abiyu Mokonnen (PhD)http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/68052023-11-03T06:56:54Z2020-12-01T00:00:00ZMAGNITUDE, DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES AMONG ACUTE TONSILLITIS PATIENTS VISITING PUBLIC HOSPITAL, HARAR EASTERN ETHIOPIA
SILESHI DEBEBE; Dr. Desalegn Admassu (PhD; Dr. Abiyu Mokonnen (PhD)
Background: Acute tonsillitis is a common infectious disease contributing to significant social-economic impact worldwide. Tonsillitis is usually viral; it is most commonly caused by the rhinovirus, followed by the corona virus, and the adenovirus. Less commonly it is caused by the influenza virus, the parainfluenza virus, enteroviruses, or herpes viruses. In tonsillitis associated with infectious mononucleosis, the most common infective agent is the Epstein-Barr virus (Georgalas C., et al, 20015).Bacterial agents such as group A Beta hemolytic streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, hemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumonia, corynebacterium diptheriae and neisseria gonorrhea can cause tonsillitis. Past decade has seen the rise of resistance amongst the bacteria that causes tonsillitis to the commonly used antibiotics like amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and erythromycin, as well as rise in the number of unusual offenders. Determination of the causative agent and prescribing an antibiotic as per the sensitivity pattern is of utmost importance. Data on bacteriology of tonsillitis in Ethiopia is scarce.
Objective: To determine the bacterial profile, drug resistance pattern and associated factors among Acute Tonsillitis Patients Visiting Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital and Jugal Hospital, eastern Ethiopia
Method: A health facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among acute tonsillitis patients. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from the study participants using a structured questionnaire. Throat swabs samples were collected and processed to identify bacteria using the conventional culture and biochemical tests as per the standard procedures. The Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method was implemented for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Data was entered to Epi-data version 3.1 then exported and analyzed by SPSS version 20. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered for statistical significance.
Result: Out of 357 throat swab sample, 76(21.3%, 95% CI) samples were culture positive for potential pathogens. Predominant isolates were Streptococcus pyogens 81.6%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus 11.8%, Klebsiella pneumonia 4%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2.6% and E.Coli 1.3% (it is occurred specially in children because of feco oral contamination). The presence of an inflamed tonsils (AOR 2.3, 95% CI (1.5-4.4); p < 0.002) and a Scarlatiniform rash (AOR 2.9, 95% CI (1.6-5.5) ; p < 0.000) were significantly associated with the presence of acute tonsillitis caused by bacterial infection.
For antimicrobial susceptibility testing the Amoxicillin first line drug was used. Streptococcus pyogens isolates were resistant to Penicillin (82.3%), Cefuroxine (39%), Cefotaxime (35.5%) and Chloramphenicol (40.3%).
Staphylococcus aureus showed 100% resistant to Penicillin, while 22.2% resistant to Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime. Klebsiella pneumoniae were also found to be 100% resistant to Penicillin, and 66.7% resistant to Chloramphenicol and Amoxycillin, Pseudomonas species were 100% resistant to Amoxicillin, Cefuroxine, Cefotaxime and Penicillin.
Conclusion: Bacterial acute tonsillitis was found to be prevalent in our study setting with young individuals (1-10 years) being most commonly affected. Most of the bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin, Chloramphenicol, Cefotaxime, and Cefuroxine. This finding indicated that there were significant proportions of Group A Streptococcus and most of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, Chloramphenicol, Cefotaxime and Cefuroxine. Clinicians should consider all sorts of throat infections seriously, in order to combat the squeal and also this work can serve as a baseline study for further complementary investigations to get fairly clear picture of bacteria isolates from acute tonsillitis patients (Group A Streptococcus epidemiology) in Harari.
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2020-12-01T00:00:00ZNASAL CARRIAGE RATE OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS, HARAR, EASTERN ETHIOPIA.Wondimagegn WoldeHabtamu Mitiku (M.Sc.)Dr. Rajesh Sarkar (Ph.D.)http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/55422023-03-27T07:51:10Z2021-10-01T00:00:00ZNASAL CARRIAGE RATE OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS, HARAR, EASTERN ETHIOPIA.
Wondimagegn Wolde; Habtamu Mitiku (M.Sc.); Dr. Rajesh Sarkar (Ph.D.)
Background: The colonization of nasal nares of health care workers with Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus are the major source of infection. Accurate and early determination of
Methicillin resistance is of key importance in the prognosis of infections caused by S. aureus.
However, there is limited study has been conducted regarding the colonization of health care
workers with Methicillin-resistant S. aureus in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia.
Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of
Methicillin-Resistant Sthaphylococcus aureus associated factors and Antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns among health care workers of public hospitals in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia from May 15
to July 30 2021.
Method: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 295 study participants. Nasal
samples were collected by sterile cotton swabs. Then each nasal was inoculated onto Mannitol
salt agar and blood agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24h. Isolated pure colonies
were identified using standard microbiological methods. Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
technique was used for antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococuss aureus using different
antibiotics. Cefoxitin-resistant strains were confirmed as Methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Data
were entered into EPI-Info version-7 and then transferred to SPSS version-20 for analysis.
Factors associated with nasal carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococuss aureus were
determined by using chi-square analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
Result: The prevalence of Staphylococuss aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus in this study was 15.6% (95% CI: 11.7%, 20.3%) and 11.2% (95% CI: 7.8%, 15.4%)
respectively. age (P<0.001), work experience (p<0.001), working unit (p<0.02), antibiotic use
within 3 months (p<0.001), hand washing habit (p<0.01), hand rub use (p<0.001), living with
smokers (p<0.001), living with pets (p<0.001) and having chronic diseases (p<0.001) were found
significantly associated with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage.
Conclusions: The prevalence of Staphylococuss aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus are highest in our study, urging a better diagnostic, screening and antimicrobial
susceptibility testing to combat Staphylococuss aureus transmission and the emergence of
antimicrobial resistance infection in our clinical setting.
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2021-10-01T00:00:00ZEPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTION IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA: A COMMUNITY BASED STUDYKidist Bobosha (Ph.D)Berhanu Seyoum (Ph.D)KEDIR URGESAhttp://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/55262023-03-27T06:24:50Z2021-06-01T00:00:00ZEPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTION IN EASTERN ETHIOPIA: A COMMUNITY BASED STUDY
Kidist Bobosha (Ph.D); Berhanu Seyoum (Ph.D); KEDIR URGESA
Background: Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease
that remains the leading cause of physical disability. Reliance on the self-presentation of
patients to the health services and lack of community knowledge regarding leprosy allow
for a proportion of patients to remain hidden in the community. This results in a longer
delay of presentation and disability. Although reports in Ethiopia have shown evidence of
delayed diagnosis and an increasing trend of disability rate, the extent of hidden leprosy
remains unexplored.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of hidden leprosy in the general population and to
assess barriers to early diagnosis; including community knowledge and attitude towards
leprosy.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and
October 2019 in the Fedis district of eastern Ethiopia. The district contains 21 Kebeles with
an estimated total population of 133,382. Health extension workers (HEWs) identified
the leprosy suspects through house-to-house interviews and screening, covering six
randomly selected Kebeles. The dermatologist performed a physical examination for all
consented suspects and household contacts (HHCs). Medical laboratory technologists
performed a bacteriological examination from a slit skin smear and assessed nasal DNA
carriage using conventional PCR for all healthy HHCs and randomly selected healthy
endemic controls (ECs). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on participants'
socio-demographic characteristics, the extent of case detection delay, and data on community
knowledge and attitude towards leprosy. Logistic regression analysis was done using
STATA version 16 statistical software.
Results: Health extension workers visited 4798 households and identified 262 eligible study
participants (214 with skin lesions suspected of leprosy and 48 household contacts) who
were all investigated for leprosy. Fifteen study participants were confirmed to have leprosy,
giving a detection rate of 5.7% (95%, CI: 3, 9). This yielded a total population-based
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prevalence of hidden leprosy to be 9.3 per 10,000 population. There was no statistical
difference in the detection rate between participants with and without a history of contact
with a known leprosy case and their demographic characteristics (P> 0.05).
Nasal swab analysis with PCR indicated that 11.4% (95% CI: 3, 24) of HHCs of
untreated multibacillary (MB) patients were colonized by Mycobacterium leprae. All healthy
ECs were negative for nasal swab DNA analysis. The positivity rate was significantly
different among the study groups (P=0.022) and associated with disability grade within
the patient group (P=0.003).
Among 100 leprosy patients on MDT, the median delay in case detection was 12 months,
with an inter-quartile range (IQR) of 10 to 36 months. Fear of stigma (AOR=3.85, 95% CI:
1.26, 11.77, P=0.01) and experiencing non-alarming painless symptoms (AOR=3.57, 95% CI:
1.24, 10.21, P=0.01) were significantly associated with a delay in case detection.
Among 728 study participants, 40.8% (95% CI; 36, 44) expressed a positive attitude
towards leprosy. Attending formal education (AOR= 2.72, 95% CI=1.76, 4.19, P < 0.001) and
having a high level of knowledge (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with a
positive attitude towards leprosy.
Conclusions: A high number of leprosy cases remain undetected and hidden in the
general population. A substantial proportion of HHCs of newly diagnosed patients carry M.
leprae in their nostrils. Being asymptomatic and afraid of stigma are independent predictors
of prolonged delay in case detection. Negative attitudes towards leprosy are reported in a
considerable proportion of the community. Therefore, population-based active case finding
survey is being prioritized, along with contact evaluation, in known hotspots. It is helpful to
develop strategies that reduce the still existing stigma related to leprosy. The evidence from
this study underscores the need for increased community knowledge on early signs and
symptoms of leprosy and the imperative to generate a positive attitude towards leprosy in the
community.
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