Medical Microbiology

Magnitude, Associated Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella and Shigella Species among Human Immunodeficiency VirusInfected Patients Attending Treatment at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

2025-04-01T00:00:00Z

Magnitude, Associated Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella and Shigella Species among Human Immunodeficiency VirusInfected Patients Attending Treatment at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia Sisay Geremew Gurmu; Zelalem Teklemariam (MSc); Dr. Desalegn Admassu Salmonella and Shigella species are the main causative agents of diarrhea in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The magnitude, associated factors, and antibiotic sensitivity tests of Salmonella and Shigella species were not studied on Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patients in the study area. Objective: To determine the magnitude, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella species among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients attending treatment at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia from February 01 to April 30, 2024. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 235 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients with complaints of diarrhea. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were collected, inoculated to selenite F broth, and subcultured to MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar, and identified using biochemical tests. The modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques were used to determine drug susceptibility patterns. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26. Logistic regression was performed to check an association between variables. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant The overall prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species was 7.7 %( 95%CI 4.0-11.0). Salmonella species 4.7 %( 95% CI: 2.0-7.0) and Shigella species 3 %( 95% CI: 1.0-5.0). The highest resistance was seen for Salmonella species against Ampicillin (100%), Nalidixic acid (54.5%), Cotrimoxazole (45.5%) and Chloramphenicol (45.5%), for Shigella species against Ampicillin (100%), Tetracycline(85.7%), and Nalidixic acid (71.4%). and Co-trimoxazole (57.1%). unprotected source of water (AOR = 8.10, 95% CI: 1.54-42.61, p = 0.013), and clinical stage3 and4 (AOR = 27.27, 95% CI: 27.27(14.13-40.41), p = 0.001) were factors associated with Salmonella and Shigella infection . Conclusion: High prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species were found. There were higher drug resistance and multidrug-resistant patterns. Providing safe potable water and improving clinical status are recommended 103p.

PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL PROFILE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG XPERT MTB/RIF-NEGATIVE PRESUMPTIVE TUBERCULOSIS ADULT PATIENTS AT HIWOT FANA COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, HARAR, EASTERN ETHIOPIA

2024-11-01T00:00:00Z

PATHOGENIC BACTERIAL PROFILE, ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG XPERT MTB/RIF-NEGATIVE PRESUMPTIVE TUBERCULOSIS ADULT PATIENTS AT HIWOT FANA COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, HARAR, EASTERN ETHIOPIA Negesso Gebre Dem; Dr. Kedir Urgesa; Mr. Jemal Mohammed; Mr. Mohammed Ahmed Bacterial lower respiratory tract infection pathogens pose a serious health problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. In, Ethiopia, the trend to manage Xpert-negative presumptive pulmonary TB cases is empirical. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors of lower respiratory infection among Xpert-negative presumptive tuberculosis adult patients at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Harar, eastern Ethiopia. Method: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from January to April 2024. Convenient sampling technique was used to enroll 371 study participants. Socio- demographic and other relevant data were collected by using a pretested structured questionnaire. The collected sputum were inoculated onto blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey. Biochemical tests and Gram staining were used to identify pathogenic bacteria down to species level. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.6 and analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association between outcome and predictor variables. p -value ≤ 0.05 at 95 % CI was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic bacteria of lower respiratory infections was 34.0 % (126/37195% CI; 29.2, 38.8). S. aureus (19.0 %) was the dominant isolates followed by K. pneumonia (14.3%). S. aureus isolates were highly sensitive to cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin and most of them were resistant to penicillin and tetracycline. Overall, the proportion of multi-drug resistance and its type methicillin- resistance S. aureus was 39.7% and 16.7% respectively. Educational status (AOR=4.008; 95% CI=1.619, 9.920; p =0.003), history of prior antibiotic usage (AOR=1.866; 95% CI=1.132, 3.077; p =0.014) and crowded living condition (AOR=5.106; 95% CI=3.028, 8.611; p <0.001) were factors associated with bacterial lower respiratory tract infections. Conclusion: This study found that Xpert-negative presumptive tuberculosis adult patients were predominantly infected with other pathogenic bacteria than M. tuberculosis. Therefore, the routine sputum culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing should be suggested to ensure favorable treatment outcomes. Promoting education, refraining from exploiting antibiotics and managing crowded living condition would mitigate lower respiratory tract infection 95p.

PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF VAGINITIS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT HEALTH FACILITY IN HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM SITES, EASTERN ETHIOPIA

2024-11-01T00:00:00Z

PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF VAGINITIS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE AT HEALTH FACILITY IN HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM SITES, EASTERN ETHIOPIA Akewok Sime; ( Associ prof) Fitsum Weldegebreal; Dr. Desalegn Admassu; Mr. Fikru Tebeje Inflammation of the vagina, or vaginitis, is caused by various infectious and non-infectious factors. The most common causes of infectious vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis (BV), vaginal candidiasis (VC), and trichomonas vaginitis (TV). Owing to the scarcity of research on Vaginal candidiasis and Bacterial vaginosis amongst pregnant women in Ethiopia, a significant gap exists concerning the prevalence and progression in this population. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of vaginitis among pregnant women attending antenatal care at a Health facility in Haramaya University Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in Eastern Ethiopia from July 1 to August 31, 2024. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was performed on 217 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Haramaya University Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites, at Kersa and Harar Health facilities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from consented pregnant women. Vaginal swab specimens were collected and transported to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of the School of Medical Laboratory Science, for fungal culture and identification. A Nugent grade score system was used to identify bacterial vaginosis. The data were collected by Redcap software, and transported to Stata version 14 for analysis. Factors associated with different etiologies of vaginitis were determined in multivariable logistic regression models. Adjusted odd ratios and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result: The overall prevalence of vaginitis in this study was 51.2% (111/217 The prevalence of vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women was 23.50% (51/217) (95% CI: 18.35%, 29.57%) and 27.65% (60/217) (95% CI: 21.81%,34.11%), respectively. The prevalence of coinfection by both, vaginitis (VC and BV) was 7.8% (17/217). Use of antibiotics (AOR=4.18, CI:1.78,9.80), and regular douching practice (AOR = 5.48; 95% CI: 2.39,12.56), were statistically significant for vaginal candidiasis. Use of antibiotics (AOR= 9.47, 95% CI: 4.09-21.94), regular douching practice (AOR= 6.93, 95% CI: 2.86, 16.77), and no formal education (AOR= 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02,0.67) were significantly associated with the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Antifungal susceptibility indicates that Amphotericin B and Fluconazole were generally effective against C. albicans and C. krusei, with high susceptibility rates observed. Conclusion: The study found about one in four pregnant women who attend antenatal care were diagnosed with vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. The use of antibiotics and regular douching practices were contributing factors to the occurrences of vaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis 96p.

PREVALENCE, ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF Staphylococcus saprophyticus AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN SUSPECTED OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AT HIWOT FANA COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, HARAR, ETHIOPIA

2024-11-01T00:00:00Z

PREVALENCE, ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF Staphylococcus saprophyticus AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN SUSPECTED OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AT HIWOT FANA COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, HARAR, ETHIOPIA Amir Shemshedin; (Ph.D.Ayichew Seyoum; (MSc ) Zerihun Ataro xii ABSTRACT Background: S. saprophyticus was the second most common cause of acute urinary tract infections in reproductive-age women. Its infection is severe with associated significant impacts to public health, and it has a variety of prevalence from place to place. However, there is limited study on it in Harar, Eastern, Ethiopia. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. saprophyticus among reproductive age women suspected of urinary tract infections at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia from May to July 2024. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on a total of 229 reproductive-age women between 15-49 years were included by using convenience sampling techniques. Pertinent data were collected through a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Ten milliliters of midstream urine specimen was collected, and cultured on cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar, and blood agar plate. The modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques were used to determine drug susceptibility patterns. Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1, and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26. Logistic regression was performed to check an association between variables. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From 229 study participants screened for infections, the prevalence of S. saprophyticus among reproductive age women were 8.7% (95% CI:5.4-13.2). In multivariate analysis, catheterization history (AOR: 7.7, 95% CI: 2.6-23.2), and sexual history (AOR: 7.8, 95% CI: 2.5-23.9) were significantly associated with S. saprophyticus. The major isolates were resistant to NA 95%, FOX 90%, and AMP 85%. Conclusion: From clinically screened participants 8.7% were caused by S. saprophyticus. Dysuria, catheterization and sexual history increase the odd of infection. High resistant showed on drugs like NA, FOX and AMP. Further exploration is recommended on molecular level studies to investigate the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in S. saprophyticus 85p.