Biotechnology
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/111
2024-03-29T08:52:37ZTHE POPULATION STATUS AND IMPACTS OF PEST PRIMATE SPECIES ON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN KUYU DISTRICT, NORTH SHOA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7586
THE POPULATION STATUS AND IMPACTS OF PEST PRIMATE SPECIES ON AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN KUYU DISTRICT, NORTH SHOA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA
ABDI DERESA EJARA; Anteneh Belayneh (PhD.); Sewnet Mengistu (PhD.)
The purpose of this study was to determine the population status and impact of pest
primates on agricultural activities in study area. Both primary and secondary data sources
were used. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected during the wet and dry
seasons. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative data analysis.
A total of five common wild animal pests were identified in the area, of which three of them
are primate pest species. The total number of gelada baboons counted was 270 and 205
during wet and dry season respectively. The total number of vervet monkeys counted was
170 and 127 during wet and dry season respectively. The majority of the respondents from
three kebeles have reported that there was an increase of crop damage by pest primates
from time to time. Moreover, most of the respondents replied that the extent of crop
damage by primate pests was high n= 102 (79.07 %,), medium=19 (13.22%) and Low,
n=8 (7.44 %,). As calculated based on quadrant sampling, from 1.8 hectares maize, about
68 quintals maize yield were expected. The estimated yield loss of maize due to crop
raiding wild animals was about 19 quintals. The losses cover 27.9% of the total annual
production of the total sampled area of the maize crops. In financial term, the overall loss
to farmers in the sampled area was estimated to be 95,000ETB per sampled farmland of
maize. Inspite of this, the study has shown that trends of crop damage and the levels of
crop damage across the three study kebeles have no significant statistical differences (p>
0.05) (
2 = 5.017, P = 0.081 and (
2 = 6.274, P = 0.180 respectively). The existence of
human primate conflict in study area was well recognized. Most of the respondents in the
study area had negative perception towards the management of gelada baboon (88.37%)
and vervet monkey (75.97%). To avoid heavy losses, highly palatable seasonal crops such
as maize and Sorghum should not be grown near the forest edge. This is because these
crops seem more attractive to crop raiders than wild foods, thus farmers should be
encouraged to concentrate on crops which are unpalatable to pest primates.
59
2024-03-01T00:00:00ZAntimicrobial Activity Of Khat (Catha Edulis) On Selected Pathogenic Bacteria
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7266
Antimicrobial Activity Of Khat (Catha Edulis) On Selected Pathogenic Bacteria
Haji Abdela; Meseret Chimdessa (PhD); Mulugeta Desta (PhD)
Infectious diseases are the critical problems of the world as a result of the emergence of
different antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Medicinal plants play great roles in the
treatment of various infectious diseases. Catha edulis, of the Celastraceae family, is a natural
stimulant found as a flowering evergreen tree and is widespread in Africa and southern parts
of Arabia. Therefore, the aim of the study was to detect the presence of the main secondary
compounds classes from leaf and stem extracts of C. edulis and evaluate their antimicrobial
activity in vitro. The experiment was designed in a complete random design arranged as
4*2*2*3 multi-factor factorial. That is 4 test pathogens by -2 extract sources obtained in 2
solvents at 3 concentration levels a factorial design in three replications. Data were analyzed
using SPSS version 21 computer software. The phytochemical composition of methanol and
water extracts from leaves and stems of Catha edulis revealed the presence of flavonoids,
alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids in all analyzed plant parts from water and methanol
extracts. Saponins are also present in all plant parts except stem water extract. Steroid was
also present in all plant parts of methanolic extracts; but not seen at all in stem water extracts.
It has been found that the antibacterial activity of Catha edulis depends on the type of solvent
used for extraction and the concentration of the extract, as well as types of microorganisms.
Zones of inhibition produced by methanolic extracts in table 3 ranged from 6.6±0.5mm to
12.3±0.2mm against E. coli, 7mm to 13mm against S. typhi, and 10.3±0.6mm to 16.3±0.6mm
against S. aureus and also 10mm to 15.8±0.5mm against S. pyogen. While, zone of inhibition
produced by water extract ranges from 4.3±0.5 mm to 10.8±0.3mm against E. coli and 5mm to
12mm against S. typhi and 8mm to 14.2±0.2mm against S. aureus and also 8.3±7mm to 14mm
against S. pyogen. It was observed that the leaf and stem of Catha edulis showed the strongest
antibacterial activity with MIC (6.25mg/ml, the lowest value) and corresponding MBC
(25mg/ml) against S. aureus and S. pyogen and the methanolic extract from the leaf also
showed MIC (25), MBC (100) against E. coli and S. typhi. This indicates that S. pyogen and S.
aureus (gram+ve) are more sensitive than E. coli and S. typhi (gram-ve) in terms of both MIC
and zone of inhibition. In water extracts, the MIC and MBC of E. coli and S. typhi are
50mg/mL and 200mg/mL, respectively. But the MIC (25mg/ml) and MBC (100mg/ml) against
S. aureus and S. pyogen in water extracts
57p.
2023-07-01T00:00:00ZProduction of Amylase from Thermophilic Bacteria from Harmukale Natural Hot Spring in Somali Region, Ethiopia
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7264
Production of Amylase from Thermophilic Bacteria from Harmukale Natural Hot Spring in Somali Region, Ethiopia
Barwako Ibrahim; Meseret Chimdessa (PhD); Ameha Kebede (PhD)
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which initiate and speed up thousands of biochemical
reactions in living cells. Among industrially important enzymes, amylases, protease and
cellulases are getting more attention and importance because these enzymes have wide
applications in many fields. For instance, amylases are used in various industries such as food,
detergent, paper, textile, beverage, pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries. Thermophiles
are a potent source of thermos enzymes, which show at most stability and activity under
conditions of high temperature. The aim of this research was to produce amylase from
thermophilic bacteria from hot spring of Harmukale (Dembel), Somali region, Ethiopia.
Sediment l samples were collected randomly in triplicate from Harmukale naturally hot springs,
Ethiopia. From these sediment samples, thermostable amylase-producing bacteria were isolated
by the serial dilution method. Pure colonies produced by streak plate was transferred into
freshly prepared starch agar plates and incubated at 50°C for 48 hrs. The plates were flooded
with 1% iodine solution. Clear zone formation around the colonies, which suggests starch
hydrolysis, was observed and the diameter of the clear zone was measured. A total of 30 different
colonies were identified based on colony shape. Ten (33%) of these isolates were shown to
provide a zone of clearing surrounding their colonies when the iodine solution was applied to
them. The three isolates, I1, I2, and I3, were chosen for further investigation because, compared
to the other screened isolates, they produced the largest ratio of halo diameter. The isolates I1,
I2, and I3 were classified as Gram-positive, rod-shaped arranged in chains, and spore-forming
bacterial species that may belong to the genus Bacillus. Also, these isolates have been identified
as motile. Various biochemical tests were performed, the three isolate (I1, I2, and I3) displayed
positive result for methyl red, citrate utilization, catalase, urease and starch hydrolysis tests. The
crude enzymes were produced from three potential thermophilic bacterial isolates under
submerged condition. Culture filtrates were separated by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 min
and the supernatants containing cell free extract were used as crude enzyme source for testing
the activity on white clothes stained by chocolate. Then Clothes with chocolate stains were
employed for the activity test of crude thermostable amylase made from possible isolates, and the
amylase was used to get rid of stubborn stains. Even though stain removal took different amounts
of time, isolate I1 and I2 removed chocolate stains wit in 120 min whereas isolate I2 removed
stain for 240 min. which mean I1 and I2 removed the stain with short time than I3.
52p.
2023-11-01T00:00:00ZGENETIC VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATIONS AMONG YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES AT WEST BADEWACHO DISTRICT, HADDIYA ZONE, SOUTH REGIONAL STATE OF ETHIOPIA
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7179
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATIONS AMONG YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES AT WEST BADEWACHO DISTRICT, HADDIYA ZONE, SOUTH REGIONAL STATE OF ETHIOPIA
Mesfin Mekebo Badi; (PhD) Yohannes Peteros; (Prof.) Habtamu Zeleke
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a mulit important legumes in Ethiopia; however, despite of all
the multi benefits of chickpea, its productivity has remained low in Ethiopian agriculture than
the attainable yield (5 tons/ha) under improved and good management condition. Reasonable
seed yield in chickpea could be achieved by using improved genotypes with appropriate
agronomic practices. The investigation of improved genotypes requires a good breeding
program, which usually depends on the genetic variability present in the breeding material.
However, spatial and temporal studying on the nature and magnitude of variability as well as
genetic relationship on traits of chickpea genotype are not efficiently exploited. The present
study was designed to evaluate the nature and magnitude of genetic variability, their
associations, and the relationship between seed yield and yield related traits for improvement of
seed yield of 28 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotype at West Badewacho district in South
Regional State of Ethiopia during 2019/20 main cropping season. A randomized complete block
design with the help of suitable parameters (genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variability,
heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient and path coefficient) analysis was used. The
data were recorded for days to 50 percent flowering, days to physiological maturity, seed filling
period, plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches
per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100
seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha). The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the
GLM procedure of SAS software (SAS, 2004). The variability in the examined genotypes was
highly significant for all the studied traits. The highest estimates of genotypic and phenotypic
coefficient of variation were exhibited by seeds per plant followed by number of secondary
branches per plant, number of pods per plant and hundred seed weight. The highest broad sense
heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for seed per plant, number of pods
per plant, hundred seed weight and days to grain filing. Positive significant genotypic and
phenotypic correlation with positive direct and indirect effect recorded for traits, such as number
of seeds per plant, number of secondary branches per plant and number of pod per plant. From
studied eleven traits seeds per plant, pods per plant, hundred seed weight and secondary
branches showed high GCV and PCV, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance,
positive significance genotypic and phenotypic correlation with positive direct and indirect
effect. It provides better opportunity for plant breeders to select simply by giving due attention
for these traits on parental materials to use for crossing in the breeding program. Therefore
selection of genotypes for seed yield based on these traits is effective. However, the study has to
be repeated over years, in mulit-location by increasing number of genotypes and parameters to
confirm the consistency of existing genotypic variability for the future breeding programs
69p.
2023-08-01T00:00:00Z