http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/14 2026-06-05T06:15:18Z http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/8497 ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES ON ANTIMICROBIAL USE AND RESISTANCE AMONG COMMERCIAL POULTRY FARM OWNERS AND WORKERS IN SELECTED CITIES OF EASTERN ETHIOPIA Bekiyad Shasho Daro; Yihenew Getahun ( MSc); Dawit Kassaye ( MSc); Dinaol Belina ( PhD) Antimicrobials are vital for disease control and productivity; however, their inappropriate use leads to antimicrobial resistance, a global threat to public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of poultry farm owners and workers towards antimicrobial use and resistance in three selected cities in Eastern Ethiopia, through structured interviews with a census of 106 poultry farms. Findings indicated that only 30.2% (95% CI: 22.1%-39.7%) had good knowledge, regarding antimicrobials (36.7%, OR=24.7, p<0.001), unawareness of residues (67.9%; OR=0.02, p<0.001), disease-specific drug (34.9%; OR=54.2, p=0.001), unfamiliarity with residue transmission (64.2%, OR=0.01, p<0.001), and difference in efficacy of antimicrobials (64.2%; OR=8.79, p=0.033). Attitudes were desirable in 48.1% (95% CI: 38.6%-57.7%), subjected to random antimicrobial use (64.4%, OR=3.94, p=0.026), missing doses (7.7%, OR=0.04, p = 0.013), using with feed (53.6%, OR=20.91, p<0.001), correct dosage (61.5%, OR=11.82, p=0.010), controlling access to antimicrobials (57.4%, OR=7.02, p=0.016), not obliged to finish before expiration (65.3%, OR=10.01, p=0.001), and minimizing antimicrobial use (75.9%, OR=15.37, p<0.001). Improved practices were noted only in 38.7% (95% CI: 29.8%-48.4%), with personal drug administration (90.9%, OR=11.8, p=0.010), non-professional recommendations (77.8%, OR=28.93, p=0.016), uninformed about its use as growth promoter (8.3%, OR=0.05, p=0.036), noting withdrawal times (87.5%, OR=30.9, p<0.001), adjusting dose when no recovery (95.6%, OR=13, p=0.002), not ceasing treatment even if symptoms go (64.5%, OR=30.9, p=0.007), and not switching antimicrobials (13.2%, OR=0.004, p=0.001). Pertaining to the associated factors for each, knowledge was found to be directly related with attitudes (r=0.3278, p=0.0006) and practices (r=0.4300, p<0.0001), and also attitudes with practices (r=0.2278, p=0.0189). In general, this study identified significant gaps in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antimicrobial use and resistance among commercial poultry farm owners and workers in eastern Ethiopia, necessitating targeted interventions to enhance understanding and promote responsible antimicrobial use practices. Therefore, comprehensive education, veterinary guidance, mentorship programs, and robust antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems are necessary to address the gaps and curb the spread of resistance in the study areas and beyond 95p. 2025-03-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/8478 ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS CAUSING CLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY COWS IN GURSUM DISTRICT, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA Abdinur Mohammed; Dr. Bruk Abraha; Prof. Negussie Bussa The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants against bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from clinical mastitis in dairy cows in Gursum District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Antimicrobial activities of Dolichos oliveri (D. oliveri), Mirabilis jalapa L. (M. jalapa L.), Euphorbia schimperiana (E. shimperiana), and Cyphostemma adenocaule (C. adenocaule) on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus was conducted by Methanol extraction and disc diffusion method measuring the mean zone of inhibition. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC)was determined by serial two-fold dilution using Tube Broth Dilution (broth macrodilution). Data analysis involved one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests using SPSS version 20. Phytochemical analysis identified active compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids, responsible for the antimicrobial properties. Dolichos oliveri exhibited the highest inhibition zone (13.33 ± 0.1 mm) against S. aureus standard strains at 125 mg/ml. D. oliveri and E. shimperiana showed significantly higher (P<0.05) activity against standard strains of S. aureus, E. aerogenes, C. albicans and A. fumigatus at 125 mg/ml than M. jalapa L. On the other hand, M. jalapa L.. had significantly higher activity against C. albicans (P<0.05) at the concentration of 125 mg/ml than all the tested plants. E. shimperiana and C. adenocaule showed significantly higher (p<0.05) activity against the clinical isolate of A. fumigatus at 125 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged from 37.5 mg/ml (E. shimperiana, C. adenocaule, and M. jalapa L) against S. aureus and E. aerogenes to 125 mg/ml (D. oliveri) against S. aureus and C. albicans. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ranged from 100 mg/ml (D. oliveri) against S. aureus to 400 mg/ml (C. adenocaule and M. jalapa L.) against S. aureus and E. aerogenes. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was exhibited only at 200 mg/ml by M. jalapa L.. against A. fumigatus. M. jalapa was the only plant showing anti-fungal activity at MIC value (37.5 mg/ml) against A. fumigatus. It showed selective bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects on E. aerogenes and A. fumigatus. These findings justify the traditional use of the plants for the treatment of mastitis in dairy cows underscoring their promising potential as alternative antimicrobial agents for managing mastitis and other livestock diseases. Therefore, phytochemical isolation and analysis of individual bioactive compounds of plant extracts, their in vivo antimicrobial activities with different extraction solvents and their toxicity levels should be further studied to use them for the development of alternative sources of drugs. 122p. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/8368 PREVALENCE, CYST VIABILITY, AND ORGAN DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE CYSTICERCOSIS, AND TAENIA SAGINATA IN HUMANS AT HARAMAYA AND HARAR MUNICIPAL ABATTOIRS, EASTERN HARARGHE, ETHIOPIA Dereje Solomon; Dr. Shimelis Mengistu; Dr. Pawlos Wasihun Across-sectional study design was used from March 2023 to August 2024 at Harar and Haramaya to investigate the prevalence, cyst viability, and organ distribution of bovine cysticercosis in beef cattle, and a Retrospective study design was used to estimate the occurrence of Taeniosis in the human population in the study area. Simple random sampling where employed for the collection of data. The study was performed based on abattoir sample collection, Questionnaire survey and Retrospective data. Postmortem inspection of carcasses and organs of slaughtered cattle in Harar and Haramaya Municipal Abattoirs, cyst viability tests, and interviews with randomly selected meat consumers were undertaken. The post-mortem inspection showed that of the 324 cattle slaughtered for human consumption and examined for the presence of cysticerci of T. saginata, 7(8.85%) at Harar city and 24(9.8%) at Haramaya town harbored at least one cyst in the muscles or organs inspected. The collected samples were analyzed by using SPSS version 25. Of the edible anatomical sites with cysticerci, heart 18(5.6%), tongue 4(1.2%), lung 3(0.9%), liver 3(0.9%), masseters muscle 2(0.6%), and Kidney 1(0.1%) of relative prevalence, total cyst count and cyst viability. These edible sites are preferred above others by local people for the preparation and consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat dishes that are locally served as kurt, kitfo, and dullet. The interviews revealed that among the 100 study participants, Harar city had the highest awareness about T. saginata 46 (92%) than Haramaya town 40 (80%), eating habit of raw meat or under cooked meat had highest in Haramaya town 48 (96%) than Harar city 41 (82%), and infection with proglottids of T. saginata was higher in Haramaya town than Harar. From infested respondent, more than 85% observed T. saginata proglottids in their stool, and the rest observed proglottids on their underwear. This indicated that existing meat inspection processes were inadequate to prevent carcasses infected with T. saginata cysticerci from reaching consumers. The three-year retrospective data indicated that out of the examined stool of 9940 and 13,353 people, 18 and 61 had T. saginata from Haramaya and Haramaya University Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, respectively. Both the active abattoir and the questionnaire survey concluded that bovine cysticercosis caused by C. bovis/T. saginata is a major disease in livestock and humans. The promotion of policies to upgrade existing meat inspection procedures and public education to ensure effective prevention.of T. saginata taeniosis in humans was recommended. Keyword: Bovine cysticercosis, Cyst viability, Haramaya, Harar, Organ distribution, Prevalence, Retrospective. 54p. 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/8299 MAGNITUDE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM INFECTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG DAIRY CALVES IN HARAR AND DIRE DAWA CITIES AND HARAMAYA DISTRICT, EASTERN ETHIOPIA MESFIN GABRE; Shihun Shimelis (MSc, Assit. Prof); Biruk Abraha (MSc, Assoc. Prof) Cryptosporidium is a parasitic protozoa that can cause diarrhea in dairy calves, especially in the first month of life. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 2024 to October 2024 G.C. to estimate the magnitude of Cryptosporidium infection and its associated factors among dairy calves in Harar and Dire Dawa cities and Haramaya district, Eastern Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to estimate the magnitude of Cryptosporidium infections and their associated factors in dairy calves. Feacal sample of calves (n = 360) with age groups ranging from two weeks to 12 months was collected from 30 dairy farms. All samples were processed using the modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining method. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on associated risk factors of infection. The intensity of shedding Cryptosporidium oocysts was semiquantitatively estimated according to the average number of oocysts. The overall magnitude of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves was 13.6% (95% CI, 18.6-79.5). The farm-level magnitude of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding in calves was 43.3% (95% CI, 25.4-62.5). Multivariate logistic regression showed that calves raised in group pens were 4 times more likely to become infected than those raised in individual pens (P=0.024). Urban farms showed a 3 times higher risk of contracting the infection than farms in Peri-urban areas (P=0.02). Cryptosporidium infection in dairy farm calves 2 weeks-3 months of age was 5 times more likely higher than those >7-12 months (P=0.003). More specifically, the odds of having diarrhea due to Cryptosporidium infection in calves were 7 times greater than in calves with normal fecal consistency (P=0.01). The magnitude of Cryptosporidium infection was high in the dairy farms studied. Therefore, more studies are needed in detail on the magnitude and risk factors that are essential to evaluate the impact of infection on the health and productivity of the calf. 70 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z