Plant Breeding
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/175
2024-03-29T10:55:41ZGENETIC VARIABILITY OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) GENOTYPES FOR MORPHO-AGRONOMIC TRAITS AND RESPONSE TO RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION AT HARAMAYA, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7698
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) GENOTYPES FOR MORPHO-AGRONOMIC TRAITS AND RESPONSE TO RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION AT HARAMAYA, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
KENENISA GELGELO TUKU; Yonas Moges (PhD); Prof. Wassu Mohammed (PhD)
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legume crops in the tropics
of Latin America, Asia, and Africa including Ethiopia as a cheap source of protein.
Information on the genetic variability and the interrelationship between yield and yield related traits are important for developing high-yielding crop varieties with valuable yield
attributes. The current study was carried out with two sets of experiments, i.e un-inoculated
and inoculated with one rhizobial strain, namely 429, to assess the genetic variability and
associations among yield-related traits, and their response to rhizobium inoculation in
selected common bean genotypes. Ninety genotypes were evaluated in 2021/2022 at Rare, the
research site of Haramaya University. A 9x10 alpha lattice design was used with two
replications and nine blocks were nested within a replication. Data were collected on yield
and other agronomic traits, and disease resistance. Analyses of variance, heritability, genetic
advance, phenotypic and genotypic correlations, path coefficient analysis, principal
component analysis, and genetic divergence were performed. Very highly significant (P ≤
0.001) differences were observed among genotypes for grain yield and other agronomic traits,
and disease reaction. Estimates of broad-sense heritability ranged from 39.92% for days to
emergence to 98.9% for plant height for un-inoculated experiment, and from 39.83% to
98.92% for the same traits for inoculated experiment. GAM ranged from 6.32% for days to
emergence to 95.0% for the number of nodules per plant for un-inoculated, and from 5.92% to
92.20% for inoculated plots for the same traits. Positive and significant (P ≤ 0.05) to highly
significant (P ≤ 0.001) phenotypic and genotypic correlations were observed between grain
yield and most of the agronomic traits in both experiments. However, of the nodule traits only
nodule fresh and dry weights showed positive and significant (P ≤ 0.05) genotypic
correlations with grain yield and with few agronomic traits in both experiments. Based on the
result of path analysis, the highest (1.826) and (2.332) direct and positive effect on grain yield
was exerted by the number of pods plant-1
at genotypic and phenotypic level, respectively, for
un-inoculated, and the highest (7.522) and (1.286) direct and positive effect on grain yield
was exerted by total number of seeds plant-1
at genotypic and phenotypic level, respectively,
for inoculated plots. The first three principal components with Eigenvalues>1 accounted for
76.94% of the total variations. The genetic distance of 4005 pairs of common bean genotypes
estimated using ED ranged from 0.94 to 9.72 with a mean of 4.64 ED and standard deviation
of 1.58. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into six major clusters: I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
each with 17, 20, 24, 15, 5, and 9 numbers of genotypes, respectively. In general, the present
study showed the presence of considerable variability among common bean genotypes, and
identified common bean genotypes that had responded well for rhizobium inoculation that
should be further validated with more strains.
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2024-03-01T00:00:00ZGENETIC VARIABILITY AND TRAITS ASSOCIATION AMONG BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L) GENOTYPES EVALUATED AT HIRNA, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7676
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND TRAITS ASSOCIATION AMONG BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L) GENOTYPES EVALUATED AT HIRNA, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
Desu Assegid; Prof. Wassu Mohammed; Dr. Seltene Abady
In West Hararghe, wheat is produced on thousands of hectares, but the productivity is much lower than the average of national and regional states due to moisture stress resulting from
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erratic rainfall. Developing varieties in the area is one of the measures to improve the production and productivity of wheat. This pre-breeding research was conducted to assess the genetic variability in bread wheat genotypes and determine the association among traits. Sixty-four genotypes including two standard check varieties were evaluated using 8 x 8 simple lattice designs at Hirna in 2022. The ANOVA results revealed significant (P<0.01) differences among genotypes for all tested traits. Thirty genotypes had 10.17 to 45.35% higher grain yield than better-performing check. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 4.90 to 14% and 5.70 to 14.46%, respectively. The heritability and genetic advance as the percent of the mean ranged from 63.89 to 96.28% and 8.7 to 27.97%, respectively. Grain yield at both levels showed positive and significant correlations with all traits. Biomass yield, harvest index, seeds per spike, and 1000 seeds weight had a positive direct effect on yield at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Thus, these traits suggested for indirect selection of genotypes for yield. The first four principal components (PC) with Eigen values >1 accounted for 73.39% of the total variability of genotypes. The first PC contributed to 29.15% whereas PC2, PC3, and PC4 accounted for 17.83, 15.86, and 10.54% of the total variation, respectively. Euclidean distances for (2016 pairs) of genotypes ranged from 1.59 to 10.95 and the genotypes grouped into nine distinct clusters. Cluster III, II, and V consisted of 27, 18, and 5 of genotypes, and the other clusters consisted of 1 to 4 genotypes. The genotypes under clusters V and I had higher mean values for almost all traits, and the other clusters consisted of genotypes with higher mean values for two or more traits than the overall mean of genotypes. Thus, it is concluded that developing varieties for high yield in the study area is possible through further evaluation and selection of better performing genotypes.
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2024-03-01T00:00:00ZConsistent condom utilization and associated factors among sex workers attending Family Guidance Association confidential clinic, Dire Dawa city, Eastern Ethiopia
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7362
Consistent condom utilization and associated factors among sex workers attending Family Guidance Association confidential clinic, Dire Dawa city, Eastern Ethiopia
(Assis Profe.) Merhawi Gebremedhin; . (Ph.D) Tesfaye Gobena
Condoms continue to be an essential and effective tool in the prevention
packages for HIV, other STIs and unplanned pregnancy Sexually transmitted diseases are
the most serious and widespread public health problem. The most vulnerable demographic
groups, particularly female sex workers, engage in risky sexual activities, and have more
HIV/AIDS than the general population as a result of having several partners and inconsistent
condom use. Moreover, available data concerning consistent condom utilization and associated
factors in Ethiopia including study area are limited.
Objective: - Consistent condom utilization and its associated factors among female sex
workers attending Family Guidance Association confidential clinic, in Dire Dawa city, Eastern
Ethiopia July 1to 30, 2022.
Methods: Quantitative facility based cross-sectional study design studies were used. Data were
collected from 389 study participants attending confidential clinic from July 1to 30, 2022. Data
entered and cleaned using Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 16 for analysis.
Binary logistic regression analysis was used to see the association between dependent and
independent variables. Covariates that were significant at p-value < 0.25 in the bivariate
analysis were entered in to multivariate analysis to control for all possible confounders. The
level of statistical significance was declared at a p-value < 0.05.
Result: -The respondent rate is 100%. A total of 303 (77.9%) of the study respondents
encountered with condom with all type of client (non-regular, regular &a non–paying Client
(boyfriend/husband) in the last one month. Females who became commercial sex workers
because of parental crisis reasons practiced consistent Condom use were 58% less likely than
those who became commercial sex workers for other reasons (AOR= 0.42, 95%CI; 0.18;0.97).
Odds of condom consistent use increased by 4-fold by the increment of an overall self-efficacy
score in one unit.
Conclusion: Majority of females Sex workers not use condom consistently with all clients.
Thus, avail Condom constantly and teaching importance of condom use is major activities to be
done
67p.
2023-12-01T00:00:00ZGenetic Variability of Inbred Lines, Genotype x Environment Interaction, Yield Stability and Prediction of Three-Way Crosses of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Southern and Eastern Africa
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7361
Genetic Variability of Inbred Lines, Genotype x Environment Interaction, Yield Stability and Prediction of Three-Way Crosses of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Southern and Eastern Africa
Zemach Sorsa Lakore; Prof Wassu Mohammed; Dr. Dagne Wegary
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important food crops in eastern and southern
Africa, but the productivity of this crop is limited by constantly changing climate variables,
limited availability of high-yielding and stable hybrids, and limitation of understanding to
create inbred lines to produce adaptable and stable hybrids in the region. Therefore, this
research was carried out to assess the genetic diversity of inbred lines, the relative
advantages and heterosis of three-way crosses over their respective single crosses, the
genotype by environment interaction and grain yield stability, and the prediction of three way crosses of maize in eastern and southern Africa (ESA). Two experiments (genetic
variability of inbred lines, and comparative evaluation of three-way cross with single
crosses) were conducted using alpha lattice designs(10x6,and 6x5,respectively) in Ethiopia
and the third experiment (GEI and yield stability) was conducted using alpha lattice design
(9x5) in 52 locations in ESA in 2018/19 and 2019/20. The results of the genetic variability
showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits. Rows per ear had the lowest PCV (13.94.07%)
and GCV (8.74%), but grain yield had the highest PCV (57.09%) and GCV (22.55%). In
the cluster analysis, the inbred lines were grouped into three clusters. The greatest inter cluster distance was found between Clusters II (2.69) and III (3.15) suggests that inbred
lines had more genetic diversity between the clusters (cluster II and III). The overall
variance was divided into three PCAs, with the first three PCAs accounting for 75.25% of
the total variation with Eigen values greater than unity. The genetic advance over mean
(GAM) for the variables ranged from ear diameter (cm) having the lowest value (11.29%)
to ear height (cm) having the highest value (30.28%). While grain yield and rows per ear
had the lowest heritability (0.16) and GAM % (11.29), higher heritability and higher GAM
% were obtained for plant height (0.65, 25.78%) and ear height (0.59, 30.28 %). On the
other hand, single-cross hybrids showed a highly significant (P<1%) variance for grain
yield, plant height, ear height, and ear length at three locations. These single cross hybrids
also showed a very significant genotype by environment interaction (P< 1%) for grain
yield, plant height, ear height, and kernel per ear. In comparison analysis, three-way
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crosses outperformed single crosses in 80% of crosses in Ambo, 73% of crosses in Abala Faracho, and 67% of crosses in Melkassa. In Ambo and Melkassa, single cross 1 (76%)
and single cross 7 (104%) had the highest better parent and mid-parent heterosis,
respectively. The maximum better and mid-parent heterosis of three-way crossings were
found in Ambo TWC 14 (52%) and TWC 24 (78%) respectively, while the highest BPH and
MPH found in Melkassa were TWC1 (56%), and TWC30 (25%) respectively. In the study
of GEI and grain yield stability, the most stable hybrids among the top ten hybrids,
according to ASV, JLR, and GGE analysis (mean vs. stability) were hybrids H37, H19,
H14, and H25 under optimal conditions, H33, H19, H15 and H14 under random stress,
H17, H25, and H22 under low nitrogen, and H15, H27, H33, and H35 under drought.
Additionally, using a GGE-biplot model with a discriminative and representativeness
selection technique, it was determined that E1 under optimal conditions, E31 under
random stress, E17LN under low nitrogen, and E41 under drought were the representative
environments for the breeding program. In the comparison of three-way crosses’
prediction, the prediction value of the Jenkins method B was calculated and the chi-square
test, where the variation was not significant for all the traits, demonstrated its strong
agreement between the predicted and observed values. In a similar manner, the prediction
for the three-way cross was calculated by using the new formula, and its chi-square test
revealed a good agreement between the expected prediction values and the observed
values of grain yield and ear length for all three-way crosses. Conclusively, in the study of
genetic variability, the moderate heritability and GAM for the traits of ear length, ear
diameter, rows per ear, and kernel per row support selection via path coefficient analysis
and multivariate analysis, where kernel per row (KPR) suggested being the promising
traits for a breeding program in order to select superior genotypes. Moreover, from the
random crossing of these inbred lines there was a yield advantage for some of the
agronomic traits of three-way crosses over their respective single crosses, which suggests
future breeding on three-way crosses. The three-way hybrids that were selected through
the GEI study could potentially be suggested for variety release verification in the selected
environments under various managements. Lastly, with only one single cross and hundreds
of third parents, the new approach for prediction might be employed for predicting three way cross performance in the future breeding activities of three-ay cross hybrids
156p.
2023-08-01T00:00:00Z