Animal Production
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/36
2024-03-29T11:00:46ZEVALUATION OF BIOMASS YEILD, SEED YIELD, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, AND COMPATIBILITY OF VETCH AND OATS VARIETIES MIXTURES
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7704
EVALUATION OF BIOMASS YEILD, SEED YIELD, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, AND COMPATIBILITY OF VETCH AND OATS VARIETIES MIXTURES
Gemechis Lencho Yadeta; Negassi Ameha (PhD); Teklu Wegi (PhD)
Different species and varieties of forage vetch and oat were identified to successfully adapt and preform
in high lands of Bale. However, their oat-vetch mixture was not evaluated. The study was conducted to
evaluate the effect of variety on biomass yield, seed yield, forage quality, and biological compatibility of
oats and vetch grown in pure stand and mixtures. This experiment was conducted at Sinana Agricultural
Research Center, Bale zone, southern Ethiopia, during the Gana cropping season on the month of May
2023. A total of five treatments were developed for sole and mixed stands using two oat varieties and one
vetch variety. A trial was arranged in RCBD with five replications. The recorded data are morphological
parameters, biomass, seed yield, relative yield total, relative crowding coefficient and aggressivity index
were calculated for biological compatibility and yield advantages of oats and vetch and chemical
composition were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) following the GLM
procedures in SAS version 9.4. The highest dry matter yield (DMY) 18.6 t/ha was observed by the mixture
of Gebisa variety + oat Bonsa variety. Among the mixture treatments Gebisa variety + oat Bonsa variety
has the highest crude protein (CP) 12.9% and seed yield (2.9 t/ha) while pure stand Bona-bas variety was
the lowest crude protein (CP) 6.52% (1.28 t/ha) seed yield. Relative yield (RY) of oats and vetch varieties
were less than one indicating that the yield obtained in the pure stands were higher than those from the
mixed stands of the component species for both varieties. The RYT of most mixed stands were greater
than one indicating mixed stands to have superior yield advantage compared to the pure stand plots. The
highest RYT value of 1.32, from the mixture of Gebisa variety + oat Bonsa variety suggested a biological
yield advantage of 32% in mixed cropping compared to the pure stand plots. Generally, the result
indicated that Gebisa variety had higher CP and lower NDF than their respective mixtures and pure oats.
The dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein yield CPY and neutral detergent fiber yield (NDFY) of
mixtures of Gebisa variety + oat Bonsa variety mixtures were better than pure stands. The RYT values of
these mixtures were also greater than one. Based on the current result it is concluded that oat Bonsa
variety + Gebisa variety mixtures had relatively higher yield biomass, quality and better compatible.
Generally, in the present study on Oat-vetch mixture their is higher yield biomass, quality so, Animal
performance must be tested
78p.
2024-03-01T00:00:00ZDevelopment and Evaluation of Straw-Based Densified Complete Feed Blocks on the Productive Performances of F1 Freisian-Borena Crossbred Dairy Cattle in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7603
Development and Evaluation of Straw-Based Densified Complete Feed Blocks on the Productive Performances of F1 Freisian-Borena Crossbred Dairy Cattle in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
KASA BIRATU SUKESSA; Getu Kitaw (PhD); Fekede Feyissa (PhD)
The objective of the study was to assess the cureent status on utilization practices of cereal
straws, followed by development and evaluation of straw-based densified complete feed blocks
(DCFBs) for enhancing the use of wheat straw as feed for dairy cattle. The study assessed the
current status of cereal crop residue, management, utilization practices, challenges, and
opportunities, and evaluated the effect of DCFBs on feed intake, digestibility, and productive
performance of crossbred lactating cows and growing heifer calves. The survey was conducted
in the central highlands of Ethiopia in three purposevelly selected woredas (Welmera, Ejere and
Degem) to represent wheat, tef and barley production areas, respectively. Data were collected
from 180 smallholder dairy farmers (85.6% male and 14.4% female-headed households) using a
structured questionnaire and personal observations. For the feeding experiments, four mid lactating multiparous cows with 2-5 parity having similar milk yield (8–10 l/d) and eight post weaned female calves with similar age (5 months) and weight (92.5±27.5 kg) were used from the
F1 Friesian x Borena dairy herd found at Holetta Agricultural Research Center. Single and
double 4 x 4 Latin Square Design was employed for cow and growing heifer-based experiments,
respectively. In both experiments, natural pasture hay (NPH) supplemented with concentrate mix
(CM) was used as a control treatment (T1). Cow concentrate mix was supplemented at a rate of
0.5 kg/liter of milk yield and calf CM was fed to cover 50% of the total feed requirement on DM
base. The test diets (DCFBs) were prepared from wheat straw and the respective CM of cows
and calf’s in the ratio of 50:50 (T2), 40:60 (T3), and 30:70 (T4) for both experiments. The
lactating cow-based experiment lasted for 84 days, whereas that of the calves lasted for 240
days. The survey result showed as about 7.4t /HH cereal crop residues were produced per
household. The entire respondents practice collection and storage of cereal residues and loose
storage system under shelter-shade were practiced by about 83.5% HH. More than 68% of
straws collected were used for feeding purpose only. Overall, cereal residues contribute to 75%
of the basal feed proportion in the late dry season. Moistening (61.8%) with water and salt,
mixing (34.4%) with market-available concentrates, molasses, and local beverage residues
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(atella), and urea treatment (3.8%) were the common straw treatment methods used during
feeding. The cluster-based farming system underway in the areas is an opportunity to increase
straw yield. However, lack of appropriate processing, efficient utilization, and absence of
regular training supported by practical demonstration were identified as an important
challenges in their descending order. The result from the lactating cow experiment revealed that
the total DM intake across all dietary treatments was similar except for cows fed with T2 diet.
The OM and CP intake was observed higher (P<0.05) in T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. The NDF
intake was similar (P>0.05) among the treatment diets but the highest (P<0.05) ADF intake was
recorded for T1 compared to the densified complete feed block form of diets. Apparent
digestibility of DM and OM were higher (P<0.05) for T3 and T4 in comparison to T1 and T2.
The highest (P<0.05) CP digestibility was for T4 followed by T3 = T1 > T2. Cows in the control
(T1), T3 and T4 diets digested substantially higher (P<0.05) amount of NDF as compared to
those under T2 which is further comparable with T3. The ADF apparent digestibility was
observed higher in T3 and T4 compared to T2 which does not varied with T1. The daily fat
corrected milk yield was highest (P<0.05) for T4 followed by T3>T1=T2 diest. Similarly, cows
under T4 produced higher (P<0.05) fat, protein and lactose yield followed by cows in T3 groups
than the rest of the treatments. Milk fat percentages were lower (P<0.05), but milk protein
percentages were higher (P<0.05) for cows under T4 than the other treatments. Feed conversion
efficiency was higher (P<0.05) for cows consumed T3 and T4 diets. No difference (P>0.05) was
observed in body condition scores among the treatment diets. The partial budget analysis
indicated that net profit and marginal return were in a positive side for DCFBs with better
return in T3. Results from the growing heifer experiment showed that the total DM and OM
intake was higher (P<0.05) for T1 and T4 compared to T2 and T3. The highest (P<0.05) CP
intake was recorded in case of T4 but, T1 and T3 were consumed comparable amount of CP and
the least (P<0.05) intake was recorded for the T2 groups. The NDF intake for T1 and T4 was
greater (P>0.05) than T2. The highest (P>0.05) ADF intake was for T2 wereas the other
treatment diets showed comparable (P>0.05) ADF intake. Feed DM, OM and ADF digestibility
was comparable (P>0.05) among the control, T3 and T4 but higher (P<0.05) than T2. The CP
digestibility was higher in T4 (P<0.05) than the rest of the treatments. Whereas T1 was
comparable to T3 and the list was recorded in T2. Simlarly, T3 and T4 showed higher NDF
digestibility (P<0.05) than the T1 and T2 groups. Daily weight gain was higher (P<0.05) and
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comparable in T1, T3, and T4 diets than T2. Feed conversion ratio was higher (P<0.05) both in
T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2. The daily total cost of production was calculated lower for
T3 diet with comparable growth performace to T1 and T4. In general, it can be concluded that
cereal straws were an important component in basal feed for dairy cattle, although not fully
exploited and require further planned intervention on appropriate storage, treatment, and
processing techniques for efficient and sustainable utilization. Both experimental studies
demonstrated as 40:60 proportion of wheat straw to concentrate mix was economically and
biologically feasible for both lactating crossbred cows and growing heifers. Thus, it can be
recommended to be used as an alternative to the hay-based conventional feeding in the urban
and peri urban farming system. However, further study should be conducted to evaluate the
storability and strength of the blocks under varying climatic conditions and the long-term effect
of DCFB on both the productive and reproductive performance of lactating cows and growing
heifers.
169
2024-02-01T00:00:00ZMILK POSTHARVEST LOSSES, QUALITY AND SAFETY AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND PER CAPITA MILK CONSUMPTION ALONG THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7588
MILK POSTHARVEST LOSSES, QUALITY AND SAFETY AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND PER CAPITA MILK CONSUMPTION ALONG THE DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA
ABERA FEKATA DINKISSA; Lemma Fita (Ph.D) Associate Professor; Ulfina Galmessa (Ph.D) Associate Professor
The study was conducted in Selale-Addis, Ambo-Woliso, and Adama-Asela milk sheds in Ethiopia with the
objective to investigate milk postharvest losses, their causes, mitigation strategies, physicochemical,
compositional, microbial quality, and safety of raw milk, and their effects on household income and per
capita milk consumption in the study area. The three milk sheds were purposively selected based on their
potential for milk production, whereas households were selected randomly and proportional to the number
of farmers owning at least two milking cows. A total of 296 smallholder dairy producers, 16 milk
collectors, 3 milk processors, 35 milk retailers, and 115 milk consumers were selected and interviewed
using a semi-structured questionnaire separately prepared for each actor. Milk samples were collected
from 54 smallholder dairy producers, 9 milk collectors, 27 milk retailers, and 27 milk consumers. The
physicochemical and microbial quality and safety of raw milk samples were analyzed following standard
procedures. Data for milk postharvest loss were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 24 software. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results. Quality and safety,
data were analyzed using SAS Software, version 9.4, and the chi-square test. From the total milk
production, about 21.6% was lost due to postharvest losses. The study indicated that poor milk handling
(28.4%), spoilage (20.3%), lack of milk marketing structure (22.6%), lack of cooling facilities (10.8%),
lack of transportation (16.9%), and lack of roads (1%) were the major causes of milk postharvest loss in
the study area. Within the study milk shed, the highest milk postharvest loss (40.5%) was observed in the
Selale-Addis milk shed. The total annual milk production in the study milk sheds was estimated at
1,861,110 liters. Out of this total annual milk production, about 21.6% (401,999.76 liters) of the milk was
lost due to lack of postharvest management. Considering the per capita milk consumption recommended by
the World Health Organization (200 liters), the lost milk could satisfy the annual per capita milk
consumption of 2,010 individuals. In terms of monetary value, the overall money lost along the market
chain due to milk losses was 363,735.20 birr per year. Moreover, the total average amount of money lost
due to annual milk loss from the total annual milk production was 22,351,187birr. The use of refrigerators,
keeping milk in cold water, and storing milk in clean equipment were practiced as mitigation strategies for
milk postharvest losses in the study area. The majority of the respondents (73%) practice the use of clean
milk storage as a mitigation strategy for milk postharvest loss. The specific gravity of raw milk from
Adama-Asela (1.035 g/cm3) and Ambo-Woliso (1.033 g/cm3) milk sheds were found to be within the
normal specific gravity ranges of raw milk. The overall mean freezing point of raw milk was within the
normal ranges of raw milk freezing point set by the Ethiopian Standard Agency. The overall mean pH value
of raw milk in the milk sheds was lower than the normal pH value of fresh milk. The titratable acidity of
raw milk is much higher than the normal fresh milk titratable acidity ranges. The overall mean moisture
content, total solid, protein, lactose, and solid non-fat contents measured were within the normal range of
raw cow milk set by the Ethiopian Standard Authority. The overall mean fat content of 3.43±0.05% was
slightly below the minimum standards set for raw milk (3.5%) by the Ethiopian standard authority. A
significantly higher total bacterial count (7.23 log 10 cfu/ml) was recorded for milk samples collected from
retailers, while the lowest total bacterial count (6.46±0.14) was recorded for milk samples collected from
producers. Significantly higher coliform counts were observed in milk samples collected from retailers
(5.43±0.10 log10cfu/ml) and consumers (5.47±0.10 log10cfu/ml), indicating that coliform counts increase
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along the value chains, which could be related to longer storage and poor handling of milk. Out of the total
milk samples collected from the study milk sheds (117 samples), 47.9, 10.3, and 12.0% were positive for
Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli, respectively. The safety of milk from the study area
was poor and could cause public health risks if raw milk produced and sold is consumed under the present
production and handling conditions. The microbial quality of milk in the study milk sheds should be
improved through improving the hygienic milk production, milk handling, milk storage, transportation, and
marketing of milk in the dairy value chain. Thus, the findings of this study call for the enforcement of strict
hygienic measures during production, transportation, and storage to improve the safety of raw cow milk
produced and marketed in the study area. In conclusion, the total average milk postharvest loss 21.6% was
observed in study milk sheds. Within the study of milk sheds, the highest milk postharvest loss (40.5%) was
observed in the Selale-Addis milk shed, while the lowest 7.24% was in the Adama-Asela milk shed. The
majority of the respondents 73% practice the use of clean milk storage as a mitigation strategy for milk
postharvest losses. The microbial quality of raw milk was below standard. In addition, the safety of raw
milk was poor and could cause public health risks. Therefore, enabling the actors in the market chain to
engage in good hygienic milk production, handling, and storage, the provision of refrigerator, particularly
solar-based refrigerators and appropriate milk equipment to milk producers, the use of appropriate milk
transportation systems, and milk market regulation are recommended to reduce milk postharvest loss and
thereby improve the income of the household and the per capita milk consumption in the study milk sheds.
The stakeholder shall establish milk cooling centers at strategic locations of the major milk sheds and
developing basic infrastructure, viz., roads and transportation facilities are important, to reduce milk
postharvest losses and to increase the supply of milk to the market
124
2024-03-01T00:00:00ZBEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION PRACTICE AND QUALITY OFBEEF PRODUCED IN KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
http://ir.haramaya.edu.et//hru/handle/123456789/7393
BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION PRACTICE AND QUALITY OFBEEF PRODUCED IN KEMBATA TEMBARO ZONE SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
TemesgenMarkos Hambebo; Yesihak Yusuf Mummed (PhD); Tibebu Manaye (PhD)
The study was conducted to assess cattle production practices in the Kembata Tembaro Zone
and to evaluate the meat quality of cattle slaughtered in four local municipal abattoirs (Durame,
Damboya, Kedida, and Angecha). A total of 457 respondents were interviewed, including 401
cattle producers, 29 traders,and27 abattoir workers. Atotal of 48 meat samples were collected
from four abattoirs to evaluate meat quality. The samples were taken from the longissimus-dorsi
(LD) muscle (located between the 8th and 13th ribs) of animals of four ages (>5, 5-7, 7-9, and >9
years) groups. Then the samples were evaluated for pH, water holding capacity, instrumental
tenderness, sensory attributes, and color. The collected meat samples were aged for 14 days to
evaluate instrumental tenderness with the Warner Bratzler Shear Force Device. The sensory
analysis was done at Oda Bultum University usingsemi-trained panelist. The result of the survey
revealed, that 34.4 % of respondents kept cattle for multiple purposes. During the wet season,
natural pasture, enset by product, and crop residue were the top three feed resources available
for cattle production, while during the dry season, crop residue, enset by product, and natural
pasture were ranked first, second, and third, respectively. Major constraints to cattle fattening
included shortage of waterand grazing land;drought; diseasesand parasites; lack of startup
investment and limited access to credit; insufficient veterinaryand insufficient extension
services.The majority of cattle producer respondents sold more than nine years old oxen
(29.9%), unproductive cows (26.93%), and others (15.71%).The overall mean value for
instrumental tenderness, sensory tenderness, Juiciness, flavor, water holding
capacity(WHC),intial pH(ipH),ultimate pH(upH), Lightness (L*), Redness (a*), and Yellowness
(b*) were found to be 41.21N, 6.81, 6.69, 7.55, 71.09, 6.31, 5.89, and 31.77, 10.69, 9.73,
respectively. Age of cattle significantly (p<0.01) affected the water holding capacity (WHC),
ultimate pH(upH),flavor,Warner –Bratzler Shear Force, Juiciness, and L*.The location of
abattoirs significantly (p<0.01) affectedjuicinessand intial pH.It was concluded that thestudied
area cattle at age of slaghuter were too old and beef produced in the study area was
intermediate based on instrumental quality.It is recommended that cattle producer needto be
aware of the proper cattle fattening techniques and on selection of appropriate fattning cattle.
98p.
2023-03-01T00:00:00Z