Climate Smart Agriculture

Dairy Production Practices and Milk Quality Assessment of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Kombolcha Woreda of East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Dairy Production Practices and Milk Quality Assessment of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Kombolcha Woreda of East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia Sufiyan Abrahim; Takele Wolkaro (PhD); Silashi Gadisa (PhD); Mogas Derege (PhD) The study was conducted to assess dairy production practices, milk composition, and microbial quality of smallholder dairy farms in Kombolcha Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study was undertaken in purposely selected three rural Kebeles of Kombolcha Woreda (Bilisuma, Tula, and Sibilu) where dairy Farmers from each Kebele were also purposely selected. A sample of households with at least one lactating cow was selected for interview using a simple random sampling procedure. Data were collected from 150 small-holder dairy farmers who had at least one lactating cow. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect farm data. For the monitoring study, a total of 108 dairy cows, six (6) lactating cows in each lactation stage (3) for each kebele as well as two breeds, were used. For the determination of chemical composition and microbial quality, a total of forty-two (42) milk samples were collected. The collected survey data were analyzed using descriptive analysis whereas the milk quality data obtained from laboratory analysis, data from production, and reproductive performance were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS version 9.4 (SAS, 2008). The result showed that the majority (56.4%) of farm household heads were illiterate. The average dairy cow per household in the study area was 2.87±.126. In addition, the average number of local and cross-breed lactating cows per household was (1.14±.04 and 1.06±.02), respectively. The majority (88%) of the dairy farmers were using earthen floors and 12% of farmers were using concrete floor dairy housing systems. The milk yield of Local and cross-breed cows per day per cow for the first, second, and third stages of lactation were (2.76±.13 Vs 8.30±.2.19), (2.57±.17 Vs 6.12±1.39) and (0.93±.02 Vs 6.23±1.50) liters, respectively. The overall mean average age at first Calving (AFC) of the local and crossbreed dairy cows was 3.54±.04 and 2.93±.033, respectively. The overall mean calving interval (CI) for local and cross-breed cows were xix (17.95±.27 and 15.58±.191) months, respectively. The average numbers of services per conception of cross-breed and local dairy cows were 1.68±.051 and 1.72±.06, respectively. The overall mean of local and crossbreed cows' days open (DO) was 320.34±8.02 and 256.36±7.879, respectively. For milk collection, storage, and transportation, the majority of selling points (55.6%) and consumers (43.8%) reported utilizing plastic jerry cans and aluminum containers, respectively. The majority (77.8%) of selling points were washing and smoking containers stored at room temperature before selling raw milk to increase the shelf life of milk, while the rest 22.2% used refrigerators. On the other hand, the physicochemical composition of local and cross breeds cows for lactic acid, density, fat, protein, Solid not fat, Total solid, lactose, and ash were (0.13±.01 Vs 0.13±.01 %), (1.014±.00 Vs 1.010±.00 mg/m3 ), (4.26±.23 Vs 5.06±.24 %), (3.59±.17 Vs 3.50±.18 %), (9.08±.19 Vs 8.73±.21 %), (13.2±.36 Vs 13.72±.39 %), (4.72±.05 Vs 4.58±.05 %), and (0.67 ±.06 Vs 0.74 ±.03 %), respectively. The overall mean density for producers, selling points, and consumers was 1.012±.00, 1.016±.00, and1.016±.00 mg/m3 , respectively. The overall mean of total viable bacterial count (TVBC), total coliform count (TCC), and yeast and mold count (YMC) for udder and equipment were (5.36±.90 Vs 5.92±1.22), (4.66±.38 Vs 4.77±1.46), and (4.73±.7 Vs 4.77±.79) log cfu/ml, respectively. Besides, the overall mean of raw cow milk samples from Selling points for total viable bacterial count (TVBC), total coliform count (TCC), and yeast and mold count (YMC) were 5.22±.57, 5.12±2.14 and 5.75±.57 log cfu/ml, respectively. The overall means of consumers’ total viable bacterial count (TVBC), total coliform count (TCC), and yeast and mold count (YMC) were 5.72±.79, 4.95±1.41 and 5.06±.71 log cfu/ml, respectively. The study reveals that improper housing, feed constraints, nutritional disorders, poor reproductive performance, unhygienic practices, and limited access to extension services contribute to low milk output and productivity in dairy cattle in the study area. Insufficient market knowledge also limits producer revenue. The study suggests improvements in housing, feed, reproductive performance, extension services, milk production and handling techniques, and market information 140p.

PRODUCTION PRACTICES, MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF URBAN AND PERI-URBAN DAIRY CATTLE OF DEBRE-MARKOS TOWN, ETHIOPIA

Fri, 01 Dec 2017 00:00:00 GMT

PRODUCTION PRACTICES, MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF URBAN AND PERI-URBAN DAIRY CATTLE OF DEBRE-MARKOS TOWN, ETHIOPIA Wubie Hunegnaw, Yitagessu; Urge, (PhD) Mengistu; Tadesse, (PhD) Yosef The study was conducted to assess the production practices, milk yield and composition, and to identify constraints and opportunities. The study was conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of Debre-Markos, east Gojjam zone. Four kebeles from each production system were randomly selected based on production potential and accessibility. A total of 120 respondents (15 from each kebeles) who owned local and cross breed cows were selected randomly. Data were collected using semi-structured formal questionnaires. Monitoring and composition study was undertaken on 24 Local and cross breed dairy cows,6 for local and 6 for crossbred cows, 12 from each production system and monitoring was held for 90 days beginning from December to February. About 79.2% and 64.2% of the respondents said that crop residues and cut and carry green forage were the main feed resource in dry and wet season, respectively. About 42.5% of the respondents reported tap water as major source of water in the urban area and river and pond are the major source of water in the peri-urban area. All respondents provide traditional barn in the peri-urban area. Feed shortage, shortage of grazing land, disease, lack of improved breed, water scarcity and market problem were major problems reported. The overall mean for daily milk yield, lactation length, age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval and days open, for indigenous and crossbred cows were, 1.37±0.05and 5.32±0.26l/day,10.35±0.15 and 9.79±0.10 months,36.79±0.41 and 27.23±0.23 months,47.03±0.37 and 37.61±0.45 months,25.31±0.23 and 17.83±0.25 months, 333.58±4.2 and 146.33 days respectively. The milk yield recorded from monitoring work was, 1.83±0.05 and 8.0.05 for local and crossbred cows respectively .The overall mean for local fat, lactose, protein, Solids Not Fat and Total Solids were 4.64±0.14, 4.06±0.08, 3.20±0.05, 8.06±0.08, 12.7±0.95% while crossbred cows 4.09±0.05, 3.905±0.02, 3.16±0.68, 8.04±0.08, 12.13±0.15, respectively for both production systems. Therefore, the present study showed that even if milk production and reproductive performance of crossbred cows owned by peri-urban and urban dairy producers in the study area were comparatively good, conversely to get optimum output of cross-breed dairy cows; appropriate breeding management assigns for urban production system was higher than peri-urban based on their management (feeding practice, housing, health care and artificial insemination) proper dairy management in the study area was suggested. 73p.

SHELF-LIFE AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTAGE CHEESE MADE FROM CAMEL MILK

Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT

SHELF-LIFE AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTAGE CHEESE MADE FROM CAMEL MILK Mohammed, Seid; Eshetu, (PhD) Mitiku; Tadesse, (PhD) Yosef This study was aimed to investigate the shelf-life and rheological properties of cottage cheese made from camel milk as physicochemical properties, microbial counts and texture. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments. The general chemical composition of milk including fat, solids-not-fat (SNF), protein, total solid, casein and lactose were determined using MilkoScan. Cheeses were made in the dairy technology laboratory of Haramaya University using Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrṻeckii spp. bulgaricus as starter culture and chymosin as coagulant. The cheeses were stored in refrigerator (4 C) and at room temperatures (18 C) for periods of 1, 8, 15 and 22 days. Then, analyzed following standard procedures at each storage periods and temperatures. Results in this study indicated that storage period significantly (P<0.05) affected the physicochemical properties of cheese. Total protein, fat and total solids of the cheese significantly (P<0.05) increased during storage. Storage temperature also significantly (P<0.05) affect crude protein, fat, pH and titratable acidity. However ash contents showed not significant difference in both storage temperatures. Microbial quality of the cheese was significantly (P<0.05) affected by storage periods and storage temperatures. Cheese sample kept at room temperature was higher in total bacterial count, coliform count, yeast and mould counts (6.79 log cfu/gram, 7.21 log cfu/g and 6.41 log cfu/g) than sample kept at refrigerator temperature (4.76 log cfu/g, 4.09 log cfu/g and 4.84 log cfu/g counts), respectively. Hardness of the cheese were significantly (P<0.05) affected by storage temperature and storage time. The cheese sample stored at refrigerated temperature significantly (P< 0.05) increased from 3.77±0.17 N at day one to 6.67±0.12 N at day 22, while adhesiveness was not significantly (P 0.05) affected. It is concluded that cottage cheese stored at refrigerator had acceptable shelf-life till days 22 of storage period but cheese that kept at room temperature (18 C) had 5 to 6 days of shelf-life based on standard recommended limit bacterial contamination of food. Therefore, to increase cottage cheese shelf-life, stored at 4 C is recommended and pre-contamination at processing stage could be avoided. 77p.

PREVALENCE OF MASTITIS AND ITS EFFECT ON MILK QUALITY UNDER DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN BORENA DISTRICT OF SOUTH WOLLO ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA

Mon, 01 May 2017 00:00:00 GMT

PREVALENCE OF MASTITIS AND ITS EFFECT ON MILK QUALITY UNDER DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN BORENA DISTRICT OF SOUTH WOLLO ZONE, AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA Nurye Gebeyehu, Muhammed; Eshetu, (PhD) Mitiku; Yirga, (PhD) Mekonnen A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to February 2017 on smallholder dairy farms to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated risk factors and its effect on milk microbial quality under different production systems of Borena District, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. A total of 180 households were interviewed using semi structured questionnaire concerning the different potential risk factors for mastitis prevalence and 229 lactating cows were used for clinical examination and California Mastitis test (CMT) screening and monitoring of 30 clinically affected cows were performed for three month after treatment with intra mammary fusion (amoxicillin) for three days. In addition to this effect of mastitis on milk microbial quality were examined by taking a total of 30 mastitis positive milk samples were collected from mixed farming and peri urban smallholder farmers. The result of this study indicated that higher prevalence of mastitis in peri urban production system (87.0%) than mixed farming system (68.6%); subclinical mastitis was more prevalent (55.5 %.) than clinical mastitis (17.5%). Out of 916 examined quarters, 5.4% of them were clinically affected, 1.5% quarters were blind and 46.7% were positive to CMT test. Besides, host and environmental risk factors had significant effect on mastitis prevalence. Moreover the mean total bacterial count (TBC) was significantly different (P < 0.05) in which average TBC from two production systems were 6.85± 0.14 and 7.00± 0.11 for mixed farming and peri urban, respectively, The average TBC (6.93±0.13) found in milk samples collected in this study failed to comply the standard set for raw milk intended for direct human consumption (4.6 log cfu/mL). However the mean coliform count (CC) was not significantly different (P < 0.05) among the two production systems. The mean value of CC from current study milk samples collected from mixed farming and peri urban milk producer households were 4.99± 0.11 and 5.05± 0.09, respectively. The overall mean CC (5.02±0.10) observed in the current study did not meet the standard quality milk for human consumption. Out of 30 CM positive monitored cows only 43.3 % of them were recovered. In general mastitis prevalence was higher and the microbial quality of milk was poor due to udder infection. To overcome this problem awareness creation among dairy cow owners on how to keep the udder clean, to improve floor conditions through regular cleaning of the floor and medical intervention is needed to improve mastitis prevention and control programs in the study area 72p.