Genetics

ON FARM DIVERSITY, STATUS OF GENETIC EROSION, AND PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IN GORO MUTI DISTRICT, EAST HARARGHE, ETHIOPIA

Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT

ON FARM DIVERSITY, STATUS OF GENETIC EROSION, AND PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IN GORO MUTI DISTRICT, EAST HARARGHE, ETHIOPIA Abdulkadir Aliyi Hassen; Yusuf, (PhD) Zekeria; Chimdessa, (PhD) Meseret The amount of diversity of a crop species at farmers’ level is usually measured by the number of distinct landraces or farmers’ varieties. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess on-farm diversity, preference traits, production constraints and extent of genetic erosion of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Goro Muti district, East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Common bean cultivating households were purposively selected to provide information about on farm diversity, utilization and status of genetic erosion of common bean in the study area. Data were collected for similarity/ dissimilarity index, preference index, and genetic erosion. Observational data about farmers’ cultivation, production constraints and utilization common bean varieties were collected using structured interview. The result indicated that about fifteen (15) farmers’ varieties were identified by farmers in Goro Muti district localities. The highest similarity coefficient (0.88) was observed between Ire tokuma and Aanagur and Ire tokuma and Chaffee Anani followed by similarity coefficient value (0.88) between Aanagur, and Chaffee Anani (0.83) and between Aanagur and Utuba Muti (0.82). The highest weighted score (1.60) was recorded for seed color followed by pod length (1.56), and resistance to stress (1.50). The highest preference index (6.02) with preference rank 1st was recorded for Jiner, followed by Gobe (4.54), Darban Tola (4.54), and Bosolia (4.54) genotypes with rank 2nd. The genetic integrity was found to be 88 % as genetic erosion was 12%. The farmers’ cultivation and utilization of common bean varieties in the study area demonstrated that most of the farmers (86%) suggested mixed occurrence of common bean varieties. About 99% of the respondents observed <10 varieties of common bean. Intercropping mode of cultivation of common bean was practiced by 94% while 91% of respondents noticed loss of common bean varieties. Most of the respondents (96%) have suggested the use of farmers’ own materials as seed source. The major constraints of common bean cultivation as suggested by the respondents were land scarcity (38%), lack of improved variety (31%), replacement with commercial crop namely khat (19%), and lack of local legume based food processing industry (12%). It can be concluded that farmers prefer common bean varieties mainly based on seed color, conservation efforts need to be undertaken for the least preferred genotypes. Supply of improved varieties to get better yield on small plot of land, enhanced market chain, and food processing industries should be facilitated to overcome common bean production constraints. 57p.

OPTIMIZATION OF CALLUS INDUCTION FROM POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) LEAF EXPLANTS

Fri, 01 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT

OPTIMIZATION OF CALLUS INDUCTION FROM POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) LEAF EXPLANTS Yasin Abas; Zekeria Yusuf (PhD); Alok Kumar (PhD) The traditional method of pomegranate plant propagation does not ensure disease-free development of plants and is time-consuming and labor-intensive process. A large numbers of cuttings do not survive during plantation. The present study was undertaken to optimize callus induction from Punica granatum leaf explants. Young leaf explants from mature pomegranate tree was used as explants. leaf segments was investigated on full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combination 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) with αnaphthaleneacetic acid(NAA).The result revealed that the survival percent differed significantly and ranged from 0.00 to 84% in different treatment. Treatment consisting of 70% ethanol (EtOH) for 0.75 min, 0.2% Bavistin for 15 min, and 0.5% sodium hypo chlorite (NAOCL) solution for 1 min was optimal with the least contamination (17.71%) of cultures and caused the least damage to explants. Subculturing (three or four times) of explants on fresh solidified MS basal medium without any additive at the interval of 24 h was found to be an effective control measure of browning. 5mM BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) in combination with 2.5mM NAA had the maximum callus fresh weight (1.34g), callus induction rate (69%), and callus diameter (13.10mm). At the maximum amount of BAP 6mM combination with 3mM NAA callus induction rate (58.00%) was lower than 5mM BAP concentrations. It can be concluded from the result of the present study that longer exposure is not recommended for obtaining the maximum percentage of servival cultures. The percentage of callus induction increases when BAP is added to the medium, but further increase in BAP levels was decreased the percentage of callus induction 56p.

PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY, PREFERENCES AND GENETIC EROSION OF HARARGHE COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) IN KOMBOLCHA AND DIRE DAWA ADMINISTRATION DISTRICTS, EAST HARAGHE, ETHIOPIA

Fri, 01 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT

PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY, PREFERENCES AND GENETIC EROSION OF HARARGHE COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) IN KOMBOLCHA AND DIRE DAWA ADMINISTRATION DISTRICTS, EAST HARAGHE, ETHIOPIA Ibsa Aliyi Usman; Zekeria Yusuf (PhD); Yohannes Petros (PhD) Coffee is the most important agricultural commodity, which stands second next to oil in terms of international trading in the global market. Crop genetic resources have an important potential value in future breeding programs as well, and therefore need to be conserved. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess farmers’ preference, on farm phenotypic diversity and status of genetic erosion of Hararghe coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Laga hama and Awale localities in Kombolcha and Dire Dawa respectively. Data were collected for similarity/ dissimilarity index, preference index, principal component analysis (PCA), and genetic erosion, Observational data about farmers’ cultivation, production constraints and utilization of Hararghe coffee cultivars using interview checklist. The result indicated that five genotypes were recorded in both localities. The Sorensen’s similarity index was found to be 57%. Even though the localities are close together, they exhibited variations in genotype distribution. The highest preference index PI (25.60) with preference rank first was recorded for Fandisha genotype, followed by PI (22.50) and rank 2nd for Muyira genotype, PI (21.03) and rank 3rd for Khoriso, PI (19.53) rank 4th for Shekhana, and the least PI (11.28) with rank 5 th was recorded for Danga genotype. The principal component (PC) analysis was used to determine the variation in coffee genotypes and association with their traits. PC1 has got high positive component loading (0.58) from Fd, followed by Mk (0.36), Fk (0.37) and Dk (0.35) genotypes indicating that such genotypes have correlated effect. Likewise, PC1 has got high positive component score from number of secondary branches per tree, SB (0.94) and number of primary branches per tree, PB (0.30) traits indicating that Fandisha and Muyira genotypes was distinguished by their high primary and secondary branches. PC2 has got high positive component loading (0.65) from Sd followed by Fk (0.37) genotypes. Similarly, PC2 has got high positive component loading from PB (0.76), NPT (0.33), and SD (0.25) traits indicating that such genotypes have high performance of such traits. PC3 has got high positive score from Mk (0.41), Dk (0.28), Kd (0.25), Sd (0.26) and Md 90.22). The associated traits with high positive loading were HBW (0.77), PB (0.49) and IL (0.22) indicating that such genotypes: Muyira, Danga, Khoriso and Shekhana were among those genotypes with high hundred bean weight (HBW). The coffee production constraints as suggested by the respondents were lack of improved variety, replacement by other commercial crops like khat, climatic conditions, and land scarcity. 56p.

SALICYLIC ACID COATED IRON OXIDE MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR GENOMIC DNA EXTRACTION FROM COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) LEAF

Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT

SALICYLIC ACID COATED IRON OXIDE MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES FOR GENOMIC DNA EXTRACTION FROM COFFEE (Coffea arabica L.) LEAF TEKALIGN BEYENE SHONE; Zekeria Yusuf (PhD); Endale Teju (PhD) Currently, DNA extraction using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has gained significant consideration due to their simple manipulation, cost effectiveness and less time consumption. Although magnetic separation has been extensively studied for different biological samples, there is a current need for efficient methods to extract DNA from plants. The present study was aimed at synthesizing Fe3O4 MNPs coated with salicylic acid (SA) for gDNA extraction from coffee leaves. The Fe3O4 MNPs were synthesized from iron salts under alkaline conditions via the coprecipitation method, followed by coating using salicylic acid. The synthesized materials were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) crystallography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The point of zero charge was determined using the pH drift method. The Fe3O4, Fe3O4/SA MNPs and CTAB methods were used for gDNA extraction from coffee leaves. The experiment was done in a completely randomized design with three replications. The gDNA quality and quantity were examined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, agarose gel electrophoresis, and PCR assays. The extraction efficiency of Fe3O4/SA MNPs was compared with that of Fe3O4 MNPs and the CTAB method. Moreover, the pH of the solution, the MNP dose, the incubation time, temperature and the pH of the elution buffer were optimized for the extraction. The DNA adsorption and desorption efficiency were also determined using the known volume and concentration of gDNA. The Fe3O4 MNPs had strong absorption peaks at 283 nm and 381 nm, while the Fe3O4/SA MNPs exhibited peaks at 235 nm and 295 nm. XRD analysis showed that the crystallite phase sizes of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/SA MNPs were 14.35 and 10.44 n respectively. As per the FTIR finding, Fe-O (566 cm-1 ) was found in Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/SA MNPs, whereas C=O (2343 cm-1 ) and C-O (1126 cm-1 ) found in Fe3O4/SA MNPs only. The SEM analysis demonstrated that Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/SA MNPs appeared to have regular sizes of 20 µm and 5 µm, respectively. The Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/SA MNPs were found to have points of zero charges of 5.0 and 4.46 respectively. The extraction results revealed that the quality and quantity of extracted gDNA using Fe3O4/SA MNPs were higher than those of the bare Fe3O4 and CTAB methods. The PCR assay indicated the success of the extracted gDNA amplification that showed the absence of inhibitors of PCR. In addition, pH 4, 0.3 mg, pH 10, 65 °C, and 15 min were identified as the optimum pH of the solution, MNP dose, pH of the elution buffer, incubation temperature and time respectively. The highest adsorption (80%) and desorption (67%) efficiency were observed for Fe3O4/SA MNPs. The results revealed the effectiveness and convenience of the synthesized Fe3O4/SA MNPs in gDNA extraction from coffee leaf samples using simple and cost effective materials. Therefore, it can be recommended for gDNA extraction from plant samples even where sophisticated laboratory facilities are inaccessible. 93